What device stores the network configuration in a non-volatile manner?

The choice of NVRAM as the correct answer highlights its essential role in storing network configurations in a non-volatile manner. Non-volatile memory retains information even when the power is turned off, making it ideal for critical configuration data that must persist across reboots and power losses. In networking devices, NVRAM is specifically designed to hold configuration files, such as the startup configuration of a router or switch. This ensures that the device can boot up with the correct settings every time it is powered on.

In contrast, RAM (Random Access Memory) is a volatile memory, meaning it loses its content when the power is lost. While RAM is used for temporary data storage and operational tasks while the device is running, it cannot store configurations permanently.

Routers and hard drives serve different primary functions; routers manage data traffic and direct packets within a network, whereas hard drives provide large-capacity storage for data and applications. They do not specifically focus on storing network configurations in a non-volatile way in the context of network devices. Thus, NVRAM is the correct device when it comes to retaining network configurations reliably.