Which topology does Token Ring network operate under?

Token Ring networks operate under a ring topology. In a ring topology, each device is connected to two other devices, creating a circular data path. Data packets travel from one device to the next in one direction around the ring until they reach their intended recipient. The use of the token in Token Ring was crucial for managing access to the network; only the device that possesses the token can transmit data, which helps to avoid collisions and ensures orderly communication.

In contrast to this, bus topology connects all devices to a single central cable, which does not apply to Token Ring. Star topology has all devices connected to a central hub or switch, which also contradicts the structure of a Token Ring. Lastly, mesh topology involves multiple connections between devices for redundancy and reliability, which is not the case with Token Ring where the configuration is specifically circular. Thus, the defining characteristic of a Token Ring network is its operation based on a ring topology.